对妇女遭受家庭暴力问题的若干思考

吕晓丽 吉林大学2002级法学系


摘要：家庭暴力作为一个全球性的社会现象，不论是在发达国家还是在发展中国家，这种现都不同程度的存在。家庭暴力不仅直接对家庭成员的身心健康构成严重伤害和威胁，而且还会破坏家庭的稳定和安宁，这是与和谐社会的发展要求背道而驰的。本文针对我国妇女遭受家庭暴力的现状分析家庭暴力发生的原因及防治对策，以促进对家庭暴力的制止。
关键词：家庭暴力；现状；原因；对策
家庭是组成社会的基本元素，当这个本应饱含温馨和谐的空间被内部暴力侵蚀时，不论
是主动施暴的一方，还是在恐惧中承受暴力的一方，在家庭维护失控的同时都成为家庭暴力
的受害者。但从受害的程度来比较，其中妇女是最主要的受害者。家庭暴力往往是掩盖下的
虐待，它严重破坏了妇女个人和社会的发展，并且不利于社会利益。而我国家庭暴力有日趋
严重之势，家庭暴力犯罪率日益上升。有多少触目惊心的家庭恶性刑事案件的起因是丈夫对
妻子施暴或是妻子不堪忍受丈夫的暴力而实施的极端报复行为！2005年1月10日“今日说法”节目播出的“幸福从未走近过”就是典型一例。中国家庭暴力现状如何？原因何在？该如何解决？这一系列问题都需要我们认真分析和探讨。
一、我国家庭暴力的现状
家庭暴力，顾名思义，是在家庭内出现的以武力侵犯他人人身或对其精神折磨的强暴行
为。最高人民法院《关于适用〈中华人民共和国婚姻法〉若干问题的解释》第一条对“家庭
暴力”的概念解释为：家庭暴力是指行为人以殴打、捆绑、残害、强行限制人身自由或其他
手段，给其家庭成员的身体、精神等方面造成一定伤害后果的行为。持续性、经常性的家庭
暴力，构成虐待。法律第一次用司法解释的形式对家庭暴力进行了较为明确地说明，除了“殴
打、捆绑、残害、强行限制人身自由”外，还补充了“其他手段”，在造成的后果上，除了
身体伤害外，还有精神方面的侵害。
随着社会经济的发展，妇女作为主要受害者的家庭暴力呈现出新的趋势和特点，“冷暴
力”、“精神虐待”、“高知识阶层”等逐渐成为谈论家庭暴力问题时频繁出现的关键词。中国
社会科学院的全国调查发现，遭受过家庭暴力的妇女高达30%，据国务院《中国妇女状况
的白皮书》统计，我国每年解体的40万个家庭中，四分之一缘于家庭暴力。根据中国妇女
联合会权益部门统计，在目前的家庭暴力事件中，丈夫对妻子实施暴力的占绝大多数，家庭
暴力的受害者90%——95%是女性。在我国农村，家庭暴力可谓司空见惯，丈夫虐待、殴打
妻子的事时有发生，一些人对其可谓近乎麻木。
家庭暴力是对妇女人权的侵犯，是社会公害，其影响远远超过了家庭范围。家庭暴力被
认为是现代化生活中的一颗“毒瘤”。①因此，不管是构成犯罪的家庭暴力行为，还是一般
违法的家庭暴力行为，都应当采取措施加以减少和消除。惩治家庭暴力，实现男女平等，有
利于维护和睦、文明的婚姻家庭关系，更有利于促进社会和谐发展。
二、家庭暴力存在的原因
　　家庭暴力问题似乎只在２０世纪末以来凸显出来，是因为在过去被其他问题如战争、经
济等问题所掩盖。这一问题自从剥削社会产生以来就非常严重地存在并且作为当时社会一种
“合法行为”存在，是经济制度、法律规则、风俗习惯、科技文化的综合产物。②
（一） 家庭暴力是封建思想在现代社会遗留的痕迹
男权主义、父权思想的存在是产生家庭暴力的历史文化根源。中国经历了漫长的封建社会，传统的男尊女卑思想已根深蒂固，使得男性长期以来产生一种有恃无恐的心理。家庭暴力似乎变得顺理成章。新社会制度的建立并不是说人们风俗习惯、观念、思想意识都完全适应社会经济的发展。中国的人文精神并未像西方人文精神那样促成了现代法治的诞生，相反却构成了德治或者人治的“温床”。鲁迅先生说，在旧制度下女人就是男人的私有财产，这个社会制度把她挤成了各种格式的奴隶，还要把种种罪名加在她的头上。③这种几千年的封建思想意识使一些女性心甘情愿的受制于丈夫之下，心理上没有独立的人格，在发生家庭暴力时仅仅是逆来顺受，由此更助长了丈夫的嚣张气焰，从而使家庭暴力反复性与循环性并存。（二）家庭婚姻的“腐败”现象诱发了家庭暴力
　　　广西法学会刑法学研究会会长张英忠教授指出，引发家庭暴力事件的原因在相当程度上是由家庭婚姻的“腐败”现象所致。现在市场开放了，但在开放的同时有些人过分的追求所谓的“思想开放”，受一些负面因素的影响而丧失伦理道德，贪图享乐，追求金钱美女，“包二奶”、“养情人”的现象似乎司空见惯，对家庭、对婚姻没有责任感，这种现象称为家庭婚姻的“腐败”现象。《婚姻法》第三十二条第三款又规定：“实施家庭暴力或虐待、遗弃家庭成员的，调解无效的，应准予离婚。”该条表达了准予离婚的一个理由，从表面上看是为了保护家庭中受危害的一方当事人，通过解除婚姻来达到这一目的，使受害人远离被害人。殊不知因为此条款也助长了家庭暴力行为，使那些施暴者借此达到离婚的目的。
（三）女性经济的不独立也是产生家庭暴力的一个原因
无可否认，在现代经济生活中男性仍然占主导地位，并且随着经济体制的改革，女性下岗的问题也十分严重，这样使越来越多的女性困在家中，她们无经济收入也无经济地位，只能依附于丈夫，这样很可能成为丈夫随心所欲施暴的对象。④丈夫对妻子施暴，有很大的原因是觉得自己对妻子有足够的控制力。如果妻子有相应的社会地位，经济来源，那莫丈夫就不会轻易对妻子施加暴力，因为这样可能会导致比较大的负面影响。
除了上述原因，此外还有社会压力的因素，个人的道德品质，思想修养，教育水准，法律意识，性格脾气，居住条件及生活环境等因素，总之，家庭暴力有其存在及爆发的必然性。
三、预防和制止家庭暴力的对策
（一） 完善立法，加强对家庭暴力的打击力度
在我国《婚姻法》、《妇女权益保障法》、《治安管理处罚条例》、《刑法》等法律、法规中，都对家庭暴力问题作了规定。但在立法上还存在不足和不完善。如《婚姻法》第三条第二款：“禁止家庭暴力。禁止家庭成员的虐待和遗弃。”其条文规定似乎很明晰，但没有对家庭暴力的概念、构成等予以明确，在实践中不利于执行。以上法律法规中规定的禁止家庭暴力大同小异，有的规定比较原则，可操作性差，不利于制止和预防家庭暴力。笔者认为，用属于民法范畴的《婚姻法》来规范家庭暴力是不够的。因此制定专门的《反家庭暴力法》是健全和完善国家立法的迫切需要。制定防治家庭暴力的专门法律，可以为家庭暴力受害者提供最大限度的保护，预防暴力行为的发生，这既是必要的，也是可行的。２００２年１１月１５日－１６日召开的“反对针对妇女的家庭暴力国际研讨会”中，中国法学会研究人员提交的《家庭暴力防治法（建议稿）》就是针对我国的反家庭暴力统一立法的现实努力。建议稿中对家庭暴力的定义、社会救济、行政措施、司法救济、法律责任都作了具体规定。草拟这部建议稿的目的在于推动相关立法。从世界范围来看，目前已有４４个国家与地区对家庭暴力有明确的法律处罚条例，美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等国家有反对家庭暴力的立法。我国是《消除对妇女暴力宣言》等条约的缔约国，因此应履行国际义务，将我国消除家庭暴力的国家承诺充分体现在现行立法中。
（二） 提高司法救济力度
在完善相关立法的同时，对司法也必须给与高度的重视。在某种意义上，司法比立法更为重要。因为一方面，再完善的法律也需要通过司法来实施，徒法不足以自行；另一方面，司法相对于立法而言更便捷、更见效。但在实践中，有些执法机关不把伤亲案与其它刑事、民事案件同样看待，对于一般的家庭暴力仅因为是夫妻关系就将其淡化为“家务事”，存在“清官难断家务事”、“各家自扫门前雪”、“夫妻没有隔夜仇，床头打架床尾和”等传统观念，以致于使家庭暴力走向了“不出人命执法机关不管”的真空地带。为了有效遏制家庭暴力，公、检、法以及有关行政机关，要各司其职，对家庭暴力的实施者应该根据情节轻重，依法进行严肃处理，不得再以“家务事”为由而互相推诿，不予及时处理，对于家庭暴力，不仅要管，而且要加大治理力度。
（三） 加强宣传活动，提高人们的法制观念及思想意识
１９９１年加拿大民间掀起的自发性运动——“白丝带”运动，就以反对家庭暴力
为宗旨，开创了全球性反对和制止家庭暴力的先河。此后，反对家庭暴力的运动很快扩展到美、欧及南非等地。加拿大每年几乎有５０万人佩戴白丝带，白丝带运动的发起组织鼓励男士在每年１１月２５日“国际消除对妇女的暴力日”到１２月６日加拿大“对妇女的暴力国家纪念行动日”期间佩戴白丝带。中国第一次白丝带活动是在２００１年“三八国际妇女节”前举办的。我国应立足现实，加大对家庭暴力的宣传活动，提高妇女的维权意识，不要使自身弱点成为家庭暴力的导火线，当自身的权利受到伤害时，要勇敢运用法律武器保护自己，不能逆来顺受，息事安人，更重要的是要加强自身的修养，自立、自强、自尊、自爱，并懂得珍惜做人的权利。同时，白丝带活动也藉此提升男性对家庭暴力的反省，逐渐消除男子的特权思想，做到夫妻之间互相尊重，互相忠实，共同建立平等、文明、民主、和睦、稳定的家庭。
Hong Kong


BILLS OF EXCHANGE ORDINANCE
　(CHAPTER 19)
　ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
　　
　　ion
　　I　　　　PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS
　　hort title
　　nterpretation
　　II　　　 BILLS OF EXCHANGE
　　and Interpretation
　　efinition of bill of exchange
　　nland and foreign bills
　　ffect where different parties to bill are the same person
　　ddress to drawee
　　ertainty required as to payee
　　hat bills are negotiable
　　um payable
　　Bill payable on demand
　　Bill payable at future time
　　Omission of date in bill payable after date
　　Ante-dating and post-dating
　　Computation of time of payment
　　Referee in case of need
　　Optional stipulations by drawer or indorser
　　Definition and requisites of acceptance
　　Time for acceptance
　　General and qualified acceptance
　　Inchoate instruments
　　Delivery
　　city and authority of parties
　　Capacity of parties
　　Signature essential to liability
　　Forged or unauthorized signature
　　Procuration signature
　　Person signing as agent or in representative capacity
　　Corporate signatures
　　ideration for bill
　　Value and holder for value
　　Accommodation party
　　Holder in due course
　　Presumption of value and good faith
　　
　　tiation of bill
　　Negotiation of bill
　　Requisites of valid indorsement
　　Conditional indorsement
　　Indorsement in blank and special indorsement
　　Restrictive indorsement
　　Negotiation of overdue or dishonoured bill
　　Negotiation of bill to party already liable thereon
　　Rights and powers of holder
　　ral duties of the holder
　　When presentment for acceptance is necessary
　　Time for presenting bill payable after sight
　　Rules as to presentment for acceptance, and excuses for non-
　　entment
　　Non-acceptance
　　Dishonour by non-acceptance and its consequences
　　Duties as to qualified acceptances
　　Rules as to presentment for payment
　　Excuses for delay or non-presentment for payment
　　Dishonour by non-payment
　　Notice of dishonour and effect of non-notice
　　Rules as to notice of dishonour
　　Excuses for non-notice and delay
　　Noting or protest of bill
　　Duties of holder as regards drawee or acceptor
　　ilities of parties
　　Funds in hands of drawee
　　Liability of acceptor
　　Liability of drawer or indorser
　　Stranger signing bill liable as indorser
　　Measure of damages against parties to dishonoured bill
　　Transferor by delivery and transferee
　　harge of bill
　　Payment in due course
　　Banker paying demand draft whereon indorsement is forged
　　Acceptor the holder at maturity
　　Express waiver
　　Cancellation
　　Alteration of bill
　　ptance and payment for honour
　　Acceptance for honour supra protest
　　Liability of acceptor for honour
　　Presentment to acceptor for honour
　　Payment for honour supra protest Lost instrument
　　Holder's right to duplicate of lost bill
　　Action on lost bill
　　in a set
　　Rules as to bill in set
　　lict of laws
　　Rules where laws conflict
　　
　　III　　　CHEQUES ON A BANKER
　　Definition of cheque
　　Presentment of cheque for payment
　　Revocation of banker's authority Crossed cheques
　　Definition of general and special crossings
　　Crossing by drawer or after issue
　　Crossing a material part of cheque
　　Duties of banker as to crossed cheque
　　Protection to banker and drawer where cheque is crossed
　　Effect of crossing on holder
　　Drafts on bankers payable to order on demand sufficient authority
for
　　ent without proof of indorsement
　　Protection of bankers paying unindorsed or irregularly indorsed
　　ues, etc.
　　Rights of bankers collecting cheques not indorsed by
　　ers
　　Unindorsed cheques as evidence of payment
　　Protection of bankers collecting payment of cheques, etc.
　　Application of provisions of this part to instruments not being
bills
　　xchange
　　Saving
　　IV　　　 PROMISSORY NOTES
　　Definition of promissory note
　　Delivery necessary
　　Joint and several notes
　　Note payable on demand
　　Presentment for payment
　　Liability of maker
　　Application of Part II to notes
　　V　　　　SUPPLEMENTARY
　　Good faith
　　Signature
　　Computation of time
　　When noting equivalent to protest
　　Protest when notary not accessible
　　Crossing of dividend warrant
　　Saving
　　dule. Form of protest, without notary
　　odify the law relating to bills of exchange, cheques and
promissory
　　s.　[4 May 1885]
　PART I PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS
　　
　　ed 51 of 1911; 63 of 1911 Schedule)
　　hort title
　　Ordinance may be cited as the Bills of Exchange Ordinance.
　　nded 5 of 1924 s. 6)
　　1882 c. 61 s. 1U. K.]
　　nterpretation
　　his Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
　　eptance" means an acceptance completed by delivery or
notification;
　　ion" means action or suit and includes counterclaim and set-off;
　　ker" includes a body of persons,　whether　incorporated　or　
not,　who
　　y on the business of banking;
　　krupt" includes any person whose estate is　vested　in　a　
trustee　or
　　gnee under the law relating to bankruptcy; (Amended 50 of 1911;
62　of
　　Schedule)
　　rer" means the person in possession of a bill or note
　　h is payable to bearer;
　　l" means bill of exchange, and "note"
　　s promissory note;
　　ivery" means transfer of possession, actual or
　　tructive, from one person to another;
　　eral holiday" has the same meaning as in the Holidays Ordinance　
(Cap.
　　; (Added 5 of 1912 s. 8)
　　der" means the payee　or　indorsee　of　a　bill　or　note　who　
is　in
　　ession of it, or the bearer thereof;
　　orsement" means an indorsement completed by delivery;
　　ue" means the first delivery of a bill or note, complete in form,
to a
　　on who takes it as a holder;
　　son" includes a body of persons, whether incorporated or not;
　　ue" means valuable consideration.
　　nded 43 of 1912 Schedule)
　　1882 c. 61 s. 2 U. K.]
　PART II BILLS OF EXCHANGE
　　
　　nded 51 of 1911; 63 of 1911 Schedule)
　　and Interpretation
　　efinition of bill of exchange
　　A bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing, addressed　
by
　　person to another, signed by　the　person　giving　it,　
requiring　the
　　on to whom it is　addressed　to　pay　on　demand　or　at　a　
fixed　or
　　rminable future time a sum certain in money to, or to the order
of,　a
　　ified person or to bearer.
　　An instrument which does not comply with these　conditions,　or　
which
　　rs any act to be done in addition to the payment of money,　is　
not　a
　　of exchange.
　　An order to pay out of a particular fund is not
　　nditional within the meaning of this section; but an unqualified
order
　　ay, coupled with--
　　an indication of a particular fund out　of　which　the　drawee　
is　to
　　burse himself or a particular account to be debited with　the　
amount;
　　
　　a statement of the transaction　which　gives　rise　to　the　
bill,　is
　　nditional.
　　A bill is not invalid by reason--
　　that it is not dated;
　　that it does not specify the value given or that any　value　has　
been
　　n therefor;
　　that it does not specify the place where it is drawn
　　he place where it is payable.
　　1882 c. 61 s. 3 U. K.]
　　nland and foreign bills
　　An inland bill is a bill which is or on the face of it purports
to be-
　　
　　both drawn and payable within the Colony; or
　　drawn within the Colony, upon some person resident therein.
　　Any other bill is a foreign bill.
　　Unless the contrary appears on the face of the bill,　the　holder　
may
　　t it as an inland bill.
　　1882 c. 61 s. 4 U. K.]
　　ffect where different parties to bill are the same person
　　A bill may be drawn payable to, or to the order of, the drawer;
or　it
　　be drawn payable to, or to the order of, the drawee.
　　Where, in a bill, drawer and drawee are the same person, or where　
the
　　ee is a fictitious person or a person not having capacity to
contract,
　　holder may treat the instrument, at his option, either as　a　
bill　of
　　ange or as a promissory note.　[cf. 1882 c. 61 s. 5 U. K.]
　　ddress to drawee
　　The drawee must be　named　or　otherwise　indicated　in　a　
bill　with
　　onable certainty.
　　A bill may be addressed to two or more drawees,
　　her they are partners or not, but an order addressed to two drawees
in
　　alternative, or to two or more drawees in succession, is not a
bill of
　　ange.
　　1882 c. 61 s. 6 U. K.]
　　
　　ertainty required as to payee
　　Where a bill is not payable to bearer, the　payee　must　be　
named　or
　　rwise indicated therein with reasonable certainty.
　　A bill may be made payable to two or more payees jointly, or it
may be
　　payable in the alternative to one of two or one or　some　of　
several
　　es. A bill may also be made payable to the bolder of an office
for the
　　being.
　　Where the payee is a fictitious or non-existing person, the　bill　
may
　　reated as payable to bearer.
　　1882 c. 61 s. 7 U. K.]
　　hat bills are negotiable
　　Where a bill contains words prohibiting　transfer,　or　
indicating　an
　　ntion that it should not be transferable, it is valid as　between　
the
　　ies thereto, but is not negotiable.
　　A negotiable bill may be payable either to order or to bearer.
　　A bill is payable to bearer which is expressed to be so payable,
or on
　　h the only or last indorsement is an indorsement in blank.
　　A bill is payable to order which is expressed to　be　so　payable,　
or
　　h is expressed to be payable to a　particular　person,　and　
does　not
　　ain words prohibiting transfer or　indicating　an　intention　
that　it
　　ld not be transferable.
　　Where a bill, either originally or by
　　rsement, is expressed to be　payable　to　the　order　of　a　
specified
　　on, and not to him or his order, it is nevertheless payable to
him　or
　　order at his option.
　　1882 c. 61 s. 8 U. K.]
　　um payable
　　The sum payable by a bill is a sum certain within the meaning of　
this
　　nance, although it is required to be paid--
　　with interest;
　　by stated instalments;
　　by stated instalments, with a provision that, upon default in　
payment
　　ny instalment, the whole shall become due;
　　according to an indicated rate of exchange or according to a　rate　
of
　　ange to be ascertained as directed by the bill.
　　Where the sum payable is expressed in words and also in　figures,　
and
　　e is a discrepancy between the two, the sum denoted by　the　words　
is
　　amount payable.
　　Where a bill is expressed to be payable with
　　rest, unless the instrument otherwise provides, interest runs
from the
　　of the bill, and, if the bill is undated, from the issue thereof.
　　1882 c. 61 s. 9 U. K.]
　　Bill payable on demand
　　A bill is payable on demand--
　　which is expressed to be　payable　on　demand,　or　at　sight,　
or　on
　　entation; or
　　in which no time for payment is expressed.
　　Where a bill is accepted or indorsed when it is overdue, it shall,　
as
　　rds the acceptor who so accepts or any indorser who so indorses
it, be
　　ed a bill payable on demand.
　　1882 c. 61 s. 10 U. K.]
　　
　　Bill payable at future time
　　A bill is payable at a determinable future time within the meaning　
of
　　Ordinance which is expressed to be payable--
　　at a fixed period after date or sight;
　　on or at a fixed period after the　occurrence　of　a　specified　
event
　　h is certain to happen, though the time of happening may be
uncertain.
　　An instrument expressed to be payable on a contingency is not a　
bill,
　　the happening of the event does not cure the defect.
　　1882 c. 61 s. 11 U. K.]
　　Omission of date in bill payable after date
　　e a bill expressed to be payable at　a　fixed　period　after　
date　is
　　ed undated, or where the acceptance of　a　bill　payable　at　a　
fixed
　　od after sight is undated, any holder may insert therein the true
date
　　ssue or　acceptance,　and　the　bill　shall　be　payable　
accordingly:
　　ided that--
　　where the holder in good faith and by mistake inserts　a　wrong　
date;
　　
　　n every case where a wrong date is inserted, if the bill
　　equently comes into the hands of a holder　in　due　course,　the　
bill
　　l not be avoided thereby, but shall operate and be payable as　if　
the
　　so inserted had been the true date.　[cf. 1882 c. 61 s. 12 U. K.]
　　Ante-dating and post-dating
　　Where a bill or an acceptance or any indorsement on a bill　is　
dated,
　　date shall, unless the contrary is proved, be deemed to　be　the　
true
　　of the drawing, acceptance, or indorsement, as the case may be.
　　A bill is not invalid by reason only that it is　ante-dated　or　
post-
　　d, or that it bears date on a Sunday or any other general holiday.
　　nded 5 of 1912 s. 8) [cf. 1882 c. 61 s. 13 U. K.]
　　Computation of time of payment
　　e a bill is not payable on demand, the day on which it　falls　due　
is
　　rmined as follows--
　　the bill is due and payable in all cases on the last day of　the　
time
　　ayment as fixed by the bill or, if that is a general holiday,　on　
the
　　eeding business day; (Replaced 67 of 1972 s. 2) [cf. 1971 c. 80
s. 3
　　U. K.]
　　where a bill is payable at a fixed period after date, after sight,　
or
　　r the　happening　of　a　specified　event,　the　time　of　
payment　is
　　rmined by excluding the day from which the time is to begin to
run and
　　ncluding the day of payment;
　　where a bill is payable at a fixed
　　od after sight, the time begins to run form the date of the
acceptance
　　he bill is accepted, and from the date of noting　or　protest　if　
the
　　is noted or protested for non-acceptance or for non-delivery;
　　the
　　"month" in a bill means calendar month.
　　1882 c. 61 s. 14 U. K.]
　　Referee in case of need
　　drawer of a bill and any indorser may insert therein　the　name　
of　a
　　on to whom the holder may resort in case of need, that is to　say,　
in
　　the bill is dishonoured by non-acceptance or non-payment. Such
person
　　alled the referee in case of need. It is in the option of　the　
holder
　　esort to the referee in case of need or not, as he may think fit.
　　1882 c. 61 s. 15 U. K.]
　　
　　Optional stipulations by drawer or indorser
　　drawer of a bill and　any　indorser　may　insert　therein　an　
express
　　ulation--
　　negativing or limiting his own liability to the holder;
　　waiving, as regards himself, some or all of the holder's duties.　
[cf.
　　c. 61 s. 16 U. K.]
　　Definition and requisites of acceptance
　　The acceptance of a bill is the signification by　the　drawee　of　
his
　　nt to the order of the drawer.
　　An acceptance　is　invalid　unless　it　complies　with　the　
following
　　itions, namely--
　　it must be written on the bill and be signed by
　　drawee. The mere signature of the drawee, without additional
words, is
　　icient;
　　it must not express that the drawee will perform his　promise　by　
any
　　r means than the payment of money.
　　1882 c. 61 s. 17 U. K.]
　　Time for acceptance
　　A bill may be accepted--
　　before　it　has　been　signed　by　the　drawer,　or　while　
otherwise
　　mplete;
　　when it is overdue, or after it has been dishonoured by a
　　ious refusal to accept or by non-payment.
　　When a bill payable after sight is dishonoured by non-acceptance,　
and
　　drawee subsequently accepts it, the holder,　in　the　absence　
of　any
　　erent agreement, is entitled to have the bill accepted as of the　
date
　　irst presentment of the drawee for acceptance.
　　nded 51 of 1911; 63 of 1911 Schedule)
　　1882 c. 61 s. 18 U. K.]
　　General and qualified acceptance
　　An acceptance is either (a) general; or (b) qualified.
　　A general acceptance assents without qualification to the order
of the
　　er. A qualified acceptance in express terms varies the effect　of　
the
　　as drawn.
　　In particular, an acceptance is qualified which is--
　　conditional, that is to say,　which　makes　payment　by　the　
acceptor
　　ndent on the fulfilment of a condition therein stated,
　　partial, that is to say, an acceptance to pay part only of the　
amount
　　which the bill is drawn;
　　local, that is to say, an acceptance　to　pay　only　at　a　
particular
　　ified place; an acceptance to pay at a particular place is　a　
general
　　ptance, unless it expressly states that the bill is to be　paid　
there
　　and not elsewhere;
　　qualified as to time;
　　the acceptance of some one or more of the drawees, but not of all.
　　1882 c. 61 s. 19 U. K.]
　　
　　Inchoate instruments
　　Where a simple signature on a blank paper is delivered by　the　
signer
　　rder that it may be converted into a bill,　it　operates　as　a　
prima
　　e authority to fill it up as a complete bill for any amount, using
the
　　ature for that of the drawer, or the acceptor, or an indorser;
and, in
　　manner, when a bill is wanting in any material particular, the
person
　　ossession of it has a prima facie authority to fill up the omission
in
　　way he thinks fit. (Amended 31 of 1981 s. 65)
　　In order that any such instrument, when completed, may be　
enforceable
　　nst any person who became a party thereto prior to its completion,　
it
　　be filled up within a reasonable time and strictly in accordance
with
　　authority given. Reasonable time for this purpose　is　a　
question　of
　　: Provided that if any such instrument after completion is　
negotiated
　　holder in due course,　it　shall　be　valid　and　effectual　
for　all
　　oses in his hands, and he may enforce it as if it had been　filled　
up
　　in a reasonable time and strictly in　accordance　with　the　
authority
　　n.　[cf. 1882 c. 61 s. 20 U. K.]
　　Delivery

不分页显示　　　总共5页　　1 [2] [3] [4] [5]

　　下一页